Understanding Endometriosis: A Comprehensive Guide to Symptoms, Causes, and Diagnosis

Endometriosis is one of the most common conditions affecting women today. In fact, according to an article in the American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, the condition affects approximately 42 million women and girls in India.

Caused by abnormal tissue growth, it is often accompanied by pelvic pain, problems with fertility, heavy menstruation, and discomfort. Recognising endometriosis symptoms is essential for seeking medical treatment. This blog will explore endometriosis, its symptoms, causes, and diagnosis.

What is Endometriosis?

Endometriosis refers to a health condition wherein the tissue lining within the uterus begins to grow on the outside. It can affect the tissue lining the pelvis, ovaries, the fallopian tubes and, in some instances, may grow beyond the pelvic region.

The tissue lining inside the uterus thickens, then breaks down, and exits the body during each menstrual cycle. Endometriosis tissue acts similarly. However, since it does not grow inside the uterus, it cannot leave the body.

Additionally, endometriosis tissue may develop around the ovaries. This may cause cysts to form on the ovaries, and the surrounding tissue may get irritated and form scar tissue or adhesions (bands of fibrous tissue). The formation of adhesions, scar tissue, and endometriosis tissue can cause the organs and tissue in the pelvis to begin to stick to each other.

What Causes Endometriosis?

The exact endometriosis causes remain unclear. However, research suggests the following issues may be related to the condition:

1. Retrograde Menstruation

During menstruation, blood is supposed to flow out of the body. However, the blood flows into the pelvic cavity through the fallopian tubes in retrograde menstruation. Because this blood contains endometrial cells, it may stick to the tissue and organs in the pelvis and form growths.

2. Hormones and Immune Factors

Some theories suggest that hormones and other immune factors can cause cells outside the uterus to transform into those similar to the lining of the uterus, called endometrial cells. Hormones like oestrogen may also turn embryonic cells into endometrial cell growths.

3. Complications from Surgical Scars

Another endometriosis cause is believed to be complications from surgical scars. During surgeries like C-sections, endometrial cells could attach to scar tissue.

4. Cell Transport and Immune System Conditions

Immune disorders and other issues with the immune system can make it difficult for the body to recognise and destroy unnecessary endometriosis tissue. Blood or the lymphatic system could transport endometrial cells to parts outside the uterus.

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5. Mullerian Theory

The Mullerian Theory suggests that endometriosis could start in the fetal period and is a result of cell tissue that is misplaced and begins to respond to hormones during puberty.

What are the Risk Factors of Endometriosis?

While the exact causes are unknown, some risk factors for endometriosis include:

Environmental toxins
Genetics (those with family members with endometriosis may be at a greater risk of developing it)
Hormonal and immune disorders
Age (most commonly affects women between the ages of 20 and 40)
Never having children
Abnormally short menstrual cycles
Long and heavy periods
Having a lower BMI
Starting periods at a younger age
Reaching menopause at relatively older ages

What are the Symptoms of Endometriosis?

The severity and signs of endometriosis can differ from person to person, with some experiencing no symptoms at all. Some common endometriosis signs and symptoms include:

Pelvic pain that worsens during ovulation, periods, or intercourse
Painful menstrual cycles (dysmenorrhea) and heavy bleeding during periods
Blockage of the fallopian tubes
Infertility
Bloating
Fatigue
Constipation or diarrhoea
Pain during urination or bowel movements

How is Endometriosis Diagnosed and Managed?

If an individual is experiencing relevant symptoms, it is vital to consult a doctor for an endometriosis diagnosis. This is usually done by assessing symptoms, medical history, and family history, conducting a pelvic exam, and using imaging tests (like ultrasounds and MRIs). Blood tests, like the CA-125, test for biomarkers that are usually elevated in those with endometriosis.

However, the only conclusive way to diagnose this condition is by conducting a laparoscopy, which involves a doctor studying the inside of the pelvis. A small amount of tissue is extracted and sent for further testing during this procedure. Laparoscopies can also be a part of endometriosis treatment, as after locating endometrial tissue, the healthcare professional can work on removing it.

Currently, there are no cures for endometriosis. However, it can be managed through medications, hormonal treatments, and, in some cases, surgery. Diet and lifestyle may also play a role in endometriosis treatment; maintaining a healthy diet can help manage symptoms.

If an individual is experiencing endometriosis symptoms, visiting a healthcare professional as soon as possible is essential. To book an accurate and easy endometriosis panel test, visit Dr Lal PathLabs today!

FAQs

1. Is endometriosis lifelong?

Endometriosis does not have a fixed cure as of right now. However, sometimes, it can go away on its own, especially in individuals who have reached menopause. This could be due to a reduction in oestrogen.