Hay Fever: Symptoms and Diagnosis

Allergic conditions have become quite prevalent in the modern world. Increased environmental pollutants and changing lifestyles are the most probable contributors to this regularity.

However, seasons can also play a part in increased allergic reactions among the masses. Especially in the spring season, those with allergies can find themselves having frequent attacks of itchy eyes and continuous sneezes. This is what we call allergic rhinitis, or hay fever.

Although allergic rhinitis fever is common worldwide, most individuals cannot distinguish between allergies and symptoms of cold. This article tackles that confusion by shedding light on hay fever disease, discussing its causes, and how one can diagnose and prevent it.

What is a hay fever?

Hay fever, clinically known as allergic rhinitis, is an allergic response to specific environmental allergens. The name hay fever was originally used because allergies were usually caused by pollen released during the hay harvesting season.

Many believe that hay fever is caused by hay specifically, but that is incorrect. It is typically triggered by pollen, dust mites, and pet dander. Hay fever is categorised as a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction, an immediate immune response where reactions surface instantly.

Types of allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis fever is categorised into two main types based on the timing and duration of symptoms:

1. Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis: This is the most common type, and many people might recognise it as “seasonal allergies.” It usually occurs during specific times of the year, primarily when pollen from trees and grass is in the air.
2. Perennial Allergic Rhinitis: Perennial hay fever persists throughout the year. It is often caused by indoor allergens such as dust mites, pet dander, and mould. Perennial hay fever allergy symptoms may be constant or worsen in certain environments.

What triggers a hay fever?

Hay fever is primarily caused by the body’s immune system overreacting to environmental allergens. When someone comes in contact with hay fever allergens, their immune system identifies these substances as harmful invaders, even though they are generally harmless. This response triggers the release of histamines, causing the characteristic symptoms of hay fever.

Here are some of the most common allergens that induce allergic rhinitis symptoms: 

1. Pollen: Pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds is a significant hay fever trigger. Different types of pollen can affect individuals at various times of the year, leading to seasonal hay fever.
2. Dust Mites: Tiny insects living in household dust can provoke allergic reactions in some people. Usually, the insect’s droppings and shells are the reason behind the response.
3. Pet Dander: Proteins in pets’ skin cells, saliva, and urine can trigger hay fever symptoms. Furs from cats and dogs are the most common example of this allergen.
4. Mold Spores: Mold can grow indoors and outdoors. In the damp season, its spores can cause allergic rhinitis in sensitive individuals.

What are Allergic Rhinitis Symptoms?

Individuals with hay fever can experience various allergy symptoms, including:

1. Sneezing
2. Itchy eyes
3. Watery eyes
4. Cough
5. Fatigue

How to Diagnose Hay Fever?

Physicians may advise one of these two tests for the diagnosis of potential hay fever:

Skin Prick Test: This is one of the most prevalent and effective allergy tests. In this examination, small amounts of allergens are applied to the patient’s skin. If any redness, inflammation, or itching is observed, it can be inferred that they have an allergy. The skin prick test is suitable for identifying the allergen and associated degree of allergy.

Blood Tests: Blood tests, like the IgE blood test, can be used to find the existence of any allergies. In this examination, blood samples are checked for the levels of Immunoglobin E, an antibody associated with allergic reactions. A higher number of this antibody indicates an allergy.

Ways to Prevent Hay Fever

Preventing hay fever symptoms involves reducing exposure to allergens. This can be done by adopting the following measures:

1. Keep Windows Closed: During peak allergy seasons, keeping windows closed helps prevent allergens from entering the house.
2. Regular Cleaning: Frequent cleaning and vacuuming can help reduce indoor allergens like dust mites and pet dander.
3. Distancing Pets: If the allergic person has pets, it is best to keep distance during peak allergy seasons. Additionally, they should ensure proper hygiene of their pets.
4. Use HEPA Filters: High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters in air purifiers can help trap allergens.
5. Use Masks: When outside in peak pollen season, covering the face with masks and glasses is advised. Furthermore, one should also adopt the habit of washing their hands once they return home.

While hay fever has obvious symptoms, it is always best to consult a doctor and undergo the  IgE Serum Test.