What is Monkeypox? Symptoms, Causes, and Transmission Explained

According to the World Health Organization, 15,600 cases and 537 deaths were reported this year due to monkeypox. Mpox or monkeypox is a viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus, a species of the genus Orthopoxvirus. Its common symptoms of fever, headaches, swollen lymph nodes, painful rash, back pain, muscular aches, and low energy.

 

This blog discusses in detail what monkeypox disease is, monkeypox symptoms, monkeypox causes, and tips to prevent this disease.

What is Monkeypox?

Monkeypox, commonly referred to as monkey virus or Mpox, is a rare viral disease characterised by the development of rashes and flu-like symptoms. It belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes the virus responsible for smallpox.

 

Monkeypox virus is classified into two distinct genetic strains:

 

1. Central African (Congo Basin) Clade: This clade is associated with more severe disease and has a higher death rate.
2. West African Clade: This clade is linked to milder disease and lower mortality rates.

What are the Monkeypox Symptoms?

The symptoms of monkeypox infection are similar to those of smallpox but are generally milder. The incubation period for the virus typically lasts from 5 to 21 days, with symptoms manifesting around 7 to 14 days after exposure. Initial symptoms may include:

 

1. Fever
2. Headache
3. Muscle Aches
4. Swollen Lymph Nodes
5. Fatigue

 

As the disease advances, a rash often appears, which is one of the most identifiable signs of monkeypox. The rash then progresses through multiple stages:

 

1. Macules: Flat, discoloured spots on the skin.
2. Papules: Raised bumps that may be painful or itchy.
3. Vesicles: Fluid-filled blisters that develop as the condition worsens.
4. Pustules: Lesions filled with pus that eventually crust over.
5. Scabs: As the rash heals, scabs form and fall off, often leaving scars.

What are the Monkeypox Causes?

Monkeypox can spread from person to person, primarily through direct contact with infected bodily fluids, skin lesions, or respiratory droplets. The main modes of monkeypox transmission include:

 

1. Direct Contact: The most common route is through skin-to-skin contact with an infected person, especially when there are open sores or rashes. This includes activities such as caring for someone with monkeypox or engaging in intimate contact.
2. Respiratory Droplets: When an infected person is in close proximity for an extended period of time, respiratory droplets can transfer the virus.
3. Contaminated Objects: Objects or surfaces contaminated with the virus can also facilitate transmission. This includes items such as clothing, bedding, or utensils used by an infected person.
4. Mother-to-Child Transmission: Monkeypox infections during pregnancy might spread to an unborn child through the placenta or during childbirth.

 

Additionally, animal bites, scratches, or direct contact with infected animals’ bodily fluids or lesions can also spread the virus from animal to human.

How is Monkeypox Diagnosed?

Healthcare professionals detect monkeypox by conducting specific tests. Swollen lymph nodes often aid in differentiating it from other rash-related disorders, such as chickenpox or measles, even if they may initially resemble them.

 

To verify the diagnosis, a tissue sample from an open sore is collected and sent to a lab for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, which detects the virus’s genetic material. They may also require a blood sample to check for the monkeypox virus or antibodies produced by the immune system.

How to Manage Monkeypox Virus?

Here are some recommended self-care strategies to help manage symptoms and prevent transmission:

 

Do’s

1. Stay in a well-ventilated room at home.
2. Wash hands frequently with hand sanitizer or soap and water, especially before and after touching wounds.
3. Cover lesions and wear a mask when around others until the rash heals.
4. Keep the skin dry and uncovered when in the same room with others.
5. Disinfect communal areas regularly and avoid touching shared objects.
6. Rinse mouth sores with saltwater.
7. Take warm baths with baking soda or Epsom salts for body sores.

 

Don’ts

1. Do not pop blisters or scratch sores.
2. Avoid shaving areas with sores until scabs have healed and new skin has developed underneath.

 

Individuals experiencing symptoms consistent with monkeypox should seek medical attention promptly. Patients are encouraged to discuss their symptoms and potential exposure history with their doctors to determine the most appropriate course of action and monkeypox testing options available.

 

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FAQs

1. What are the common symptoms of monkeypox?

Symptoms of monkeypox can include fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, muscle aches, and fatigue.

2. What is the cause of the monkeypox virus?

Monkeypox is caused by the virus, which is from the Orthopoxvirus genus.

3. Is there a specific monkeypox treatment available?

There is no specific antiviral treatment available for monkeypox. Supportive care and symptom management are crucial. Individuals experiencing symptoms are encouraged to consult with a healthcare provider for guidance on monkeypox treatment options and testing.