Understanding Neuroendocrine Cancer: What You Need to Know

What is Neuroendocrine Cancer?

Neuroendocrine cancer refers to cancers that arise from neuroendocrine cells. These cells share characteristics with both nerve cells and hormone-producing endocrine cells. When these cells grow abnormally, they form a benign or malignant neuroendocrine tumour. NETs can grow slowly or rapidly, depending on the type, and because neuroendocrine cells are scattered throughout the body, these tumours can develop almost anywhere.

What are the Causes of Neuroendocrine Tumours?

The exact causes of neuroendocrine tumour disease remain unclear, though researchers have identified several contributing factors that may lead to the development of these tumours:

1. Genetic Mutations: Certain genetic mutations and cellular abnormalities are linked to the formation of neuroendocrine tumours.
2. Uncontrolled Cell Growth: Alterations in DNA within neuroendocrine cells can lead to uncontrolled growth and division, which can lead to cancer.
3. Inherited Mutations: Individuals sometimes inherit genetic mutations that increase the risk of developing neuroendocrine tumours.
4. Hormonal and Environmental Factors: Variations in hormone production, exposure to environmental toxins, and oxidative stress (damage from free radicals) are thought to play a role in tumour formation.
5. Mixed Influences: The development of NETs is often a result of both genetic and lifestyle influences.
6. Sporadic Occurrence: Most neuroendocrine tumours develop sporadically without a specific or identifiable cause.

What are the Types of Neuroendocrine Tumours?

Neuroendocrine tumours are classified based on their location. The most common types include:

1. Carcinoid Tumours: Often in the gastrointestinal tract or lungs, releasing hormones that can cause flushing or diarrhoea.
2. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumours (PNETs): Arise in the pancreas and may affect blood sugar by overproducing hormones like insulin.
3. Adrenal Tumours: Develop in the adrenal glands, impacting stress-related hormone production.

What are the Symptoms of Neuroendocrine Tumours?

Neuroendocrine cancer symptoms can vary greatly depending on the tumour’s location and whether it produces hormones. Common symptoms may include:

1. Digestive Issues: Persistent diarrhoea or abdominal pain
2. Flushing: A reddish, warm sensation in the face and neck
3. Unexplained Weight Loss: Losing weight without trying
4. Fatigue: Constant tiredness or low energy
5. Hormonal Imbalances: Symptoms like excessive sweating or high blood pressure may indicate hormone-secreting tumours.

How to Diagnose Neuroendocrine Cancer?

Diagnosing neuroendocrine tumour cancer typically involves a combination of tests that help doctors locate the tumour, assess its size, and determine its potential spread:

1. Imaging Scans: CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans are commonly used to locate and evaluate neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). These imaging methods create clear and detailed images of the body and help identify tumour size, location, and whether it has spread to other organs.

2. Blood and Urine Tests: Neuroendocrine tumours can produce excess hormones, which may be detected in the blood or urine. Elevated levels of certain hormones, such as serotonin or chromogranin A, can signal the presence of a NET. These tests can also help monitor the tumour’s activity and assess treatment response.

3. Biopsy: A biopsy is a procedure where a small tissue sample is taken from the tumour to determine if cancer cells are present. It is a definitive way to diagnose NETs and determine the tumour’s characteristics, including its grade and potential for growth.

4. Specialised Tests: Sometimes, somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) is used to identify neuroendocrine tumours (NETs). This imaging test targets specific receptors on the tumour cells, making them visible during a scan.

How to Manage Neuroendocrine Cancer?

1. Follow a Personalised Treatment Plan: Work with a healthcare team to develop a treatment plan suited to the specific type and stage of neuroendocrine tumour disease.
2. Regular Monitoring: Schedule consistent check-ups, as NETs can recur or spread, making early detection of changes crucial.
3. Symptom Management: Manage tumour symptoms with medications, dietary adjustments, and lifestyle modifications to maintain comfort and energy levels.
4. Emotional and Social Support: Connect with support groups and advocacy organisations for emotional backing and practical guidance.
5. Stay Informed and Engaged: Keep updated on new treatment options and research to make informed healthcare decisions.

A neuroendocrine tumour is rare and often hard to diagnose, as its cancer symptoms mimic those of other conditions. If one experiences persistent symptoms like unexplained weight loss, fatigue, or digestive issues, it’s best to seek medical advice for a precise diagnosis and thorough check-up.

Book a cancer test with Dr Lal PathLabs to stay ahead with timely detection.

FAQs

1. What foods should be avoided with neuroendocrine tumours?

Avoid alcohol, spicy foods, and high-fat meals, as they may trigger tumour symptoms like flushing or diarrhoea.

2. Who is most likely to get neuroendocrine cancer?

Middle-aged and older adults are more likely, especially those with genetic conditions like MEN1 or a family history of NETs.