The Stages of HIV Infection: From Acute to AIDS

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a significant global health issue, impacting millions of people. According to WHO, an estimated 39.9 million people were living with HIV at the end of 2023, including 1.4 million children (0–14 years old) and 38.6 million adults (15+ years old).

Read on to understand the causes, symptoms, and preventive measures of HIV AIDS to tackle its spread.

What is HIV?

HIV is a virus that affects the CD4 cells (a white blood cell type) in the immune system. These cells are essential for protecting the body against infections. Over time, the depletion of CD4 cells compromises the immune system, making the body susceptible to severe infections and certain cancers. The stages of HIV infection are acute infection, chronic infection, and HIV AIDS.

What Causes HIV? 

HIV is triggered by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, which spreads through exchanging certain body fluids. The primary modes of transmission include:

1. Unprotected sexual contact with an infected partner.
2. Sharing syringes or needles contaminated with infected blood.
3. Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
4. Transfusions of infected blood, though this is rare in modern healthcare due to rigorous screening.

Once inside the body, the virus integrates into the DNA of host cells, using them to replicate and spread, eventually damaging the immune system.

What are the Symptoms of HIV? 

HIV symptoms vary depending on its stage:

1. Acute HIV Infection (2–4 weeks after exposure):

During this early stage, some people experience flu-like symptoms, such as:

i. Fever

ii. Fatigue

iii. Sore throat

iv. Rash

v. Swollen lymph nodes

This phase is called seroconversion, where the body produces antibodies against the virus.

2. Chronic HIV Infection:

This stage can last for several years without symptoms. However, some individuals may experience persistent swollen lymph nodes and occasional infections.

3. Symptomatic HIV Infection:

As the virus progresses, the immune system weakens, causing symptoms such as:

i. Prolonged fever

ii. Night sweats

iii. Significant weight loss

iv. Chronic diarrhoea

v. Skin rashes or lesions

4. HIV AIDS:

In this advanced stage, the immune system is severely compromised. HIV AIDS symptoms include:

i. Recurring infections (e.g., tuberculosis, fungal infections)

ii. Certain cancers (e.g., Kaposi’s sarcoma, lymphoma)

iii. Neurological complications

How is HIV Diagnosed? 

Early detection of HIV is crucial for managing the disease effectively. Diagnostic HIV test involves:

1. Nucleic Acid Test (NAT):

This test detects the presence of HIV genetic material (RNA) in the blood. It is the most accurate method for detecting HIV early, especially during the acute phase when the virus is rapidly multiplying.

NAT is typically used for people who have had recent high-risk exposure or who are suspected of being in the early stages of HIV infection. However, it is more expensive and not routinely used for general screening.

2. Antigen/Antibody Test:

This HIV test is the most widely used for regular screening. It detects both HIV antibodies (produced by the immune system) and the HIV p24 antigen (a protein found in the virus itself). This test can identify HIV infection within 2-6 weeks of exposure. It is typically done using blood or oral fluid samples and is widely used in healthcare settings for early detection.

3. Rapid and Self-Tests:

These tests are designed for convenience and provide results in as little as 20 minutes. They typically use oral fluid or a small blood sample to detect acute HIV infection and antibodies. While rapid tests are quick and easy to use, they may not be as accurate as laboratory-based tests. To ensure accuracy, a confirmatory test should always follow positive results from a rapid test in a medical setting.

Frequent testing is essential for people in high-risk groups and individuals with potential exposure to the virus.

How to Manage and Prevent HIV?

Early and consistent medical care is essential for slowing disease progression and preventing complications.

1. Safe Practices:

i. Use condoms consistently during sexual activity.

ii. Avoid sharing needles or syringes.

2. Mother-to-Child Prevention:

Pregnant women with HIV should consult healthcare professionals to minimise the risk of transmission to their children.

3. Regular Testing and Education:

i. Routine testing ensures early detection and reduces transmission risks.

ii. Education and awareness efforts can help clear up misconceptions about HIV AIDS.

4. Consulting Healthcare Professionals:

If exposed or at risk, seeking prompt medical advice is critical for effective prevention or treatment.

With timely diagnosis, effective treatment, and preventive measures, individuals living with HIV infection can lead fulfilling lives while decreasing the risk of the virus spreading. Awareness and education about HIV, its stages, and management are essential to breaking the stigma and combating this global health challenge.

Schedule an HIV test with Dr Lal PathLabs today for accurate and timely detection.

FAQs 

1. What are the stages of acute HIV?

Acute HIV infection involves initial flu-like symptoms, followed by a stage where the virus replicates and damages the immune system, often without noticeable symptoms.

2. Is HIV 100% curable?

Currently, HIV is not curable, but it can be managed effectively with medication and medical care to live a long, healthy life.

3. How long does acute HIV last?

Acute AIDS symptoms typically last 2-4 weeks, though some may not experience symptoms during this phase.