Home > Thyroid
- Overview
- Symptoms
- Types of Thyroid
- Thyroid Problems
- Causes of Thyroid
- Diagnosis of Thyroid
The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland at the base of the front of the neck and produces triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) hormones. These hormones affect all aspects of metabolism and also influence the control of vital functions, such as body temperature and heart rate.
The thyroid gland also needs adequate amounts of dietary iodine to be able to produce T4 and T3.
Thyroid Tests / Packages
What are the symptoms of Hypothyroidism?
Common symptoms of Hypothyroidism
Weight gain
Constipation
Hoarseness
Slowed heart rate
Enlarged thyroid gland (goitre)
Fatigue
Dry skin
Muscle weakness
Depression
Irregular period
Sensitivity to cold
Puffy face
Thinning hair
Impaired memory
Muscle aches
Babies with hypothyroidism may have:
- Cold hands and feet
- Constipation
- Extreme sleepiness
- Hoarse cry
- Little or no growth
- Low muscle tone
- Persistent jaundice
- Poor feeding habits
- Puffy face
- Stomach bloating
- Swollen tongue
Children and teens have the same signs and symptoms as adults, but they may also experience:
- Poor growth, resulting in short stature
- Delayed development of permanent teeth
- Delayed puberty
- Poor mental development
What are the Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?
Nervousness
Muscle Weakness
Weight Loss
Heat Sensitivity
Racing Heart
Irritability
Infrequent, Scant Menstrual Periods
Vision Problems
Enlarged Thyroid Gland
Types of Thyroid problems
- Hyperthyroidism
When the thyroid produces too much hormone. Its also called overactive thyroid.
- Hypothyroidism
When the thyroid doesn't produce enough hormone. Its also called underactive thyroid.
- Thyroid Cancer
When some of the thyroid cells become cancerous.
- Goiter
An unusually enlarged thyroid gland. Usually, the only symptom of a goiter is a swelling in the neck. A very large goiter can also cause a tight feeling in the throat, coughing, problems swallowing or breathing.
- Thyroid Nodules
A condition called toxic nodular goiter or multinodular goiter. Thyroid nodules are growths that form on or in the thyroid gland and can cause the thyroid gland to overproduce hormones.
- Thyroiditis
An inflammation of the thyroid gland and may be associated with either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Thyroiditis may be due to an autoimmune disorder (especially Hashimoto thyroiditis), an infection, exposure to a chemical that is toxic to the thyroid, or due to an unknown cause (idiopathic).
How do Thyroid Problems Affect Women?
- Problems with the menstrual period
The thyroid helps control the menstrual cycle. Hyperthyroidism or Hypothyroidism can make periods very light, heavy, or irregular. Thyroid disease can cause periods to stop for several months or longer, a condition called amenorrhea and can also lead to early menopause (before age 40).
- Problems getting pregnant
When thyroid disease affects the menstrual cycle, it also affects ovulation making it harder to conceive.
- Problems during pregnancy
Thyroid problems during pregnancy can cause health problems for the mother and the baby.
Causes of Hypothyroidism?
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
The most common cause of hypothyroidism. The disease occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and slowly destroys the thyroid gland and its ability to produce hormones.
Postpartum thyroiditis
An inflammation of the thyroid after giving birth, affecting around 10% of women.
Removal of the thyroid gland
The thyroid may have been surgically removed or chemically destroyed.
Medications
Few medications, particularly lithium may cause drug-induced hypothyroidism.
Congenital defects
Hypothyroidism can be present from birth resulting in mental retardation, goitre, and short stature.
Iodine deficiency
Lack of iodine diminishes the ability of the thyroid gland to make enough thyroid hormone.
What Causes Hyperthyroidism?
Graves' disease
The most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Grave'sdisease is an autoimmune disorder that occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. This can cause the gland to overproduce the hormone responsible for regulating metabolism.
Thyroid Nodules
A condition called toxic nodular goitre or multinodular goitre. Thyroid nodules are growths that form on or in the thyroid gland and can cause the thyroid gland to overproduce hormones.
Pituitary adenoma
The tumour of the pituitary gland leads to overstimulation of the thyroid gland.
Subacute thyroiditis
A temporary inflammatory disorder of the thyroid gland resulting in periods of increased thyroid hormone release due to the inflammation.
How is Thyroid Disease Diagnosed?
This test measures the amount of TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone) in the blood. TSH stimulates the thyroid and is produced by the anterior pituitary gland. This test is used to diagnose hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, screen newborns for hypothyroidism, and monitor treatment for thyroid disorders.
This test helps to evaluate thyroid gland function and diagnose thyroid disease including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Free T4 is also used to help diagnose congenital hypothyroidism in newborns.
Almost all of the T4 found in the blood is bound to protein. The rest is free (unbound) and is the biologically active form of the hormone. This test measures the amount of free T4 in the blood.
It helps to evaluate thyroid gland function and diagnose thyroid diseases including hyperthyroidism. It also helps to monitor the effectiveness of treatment of a thyroid disorder. Almost all of the T3 found in the blood is bound to protein. The rest is free (unbound) and is the biologically active form of the hormone. This test measures the amount of free T3 and total T3 (bound plus unbound) in the blood.
This test measures the level of thyroid antibodies in the blood and helps to diagnose and monitor autoimmune thyroid diseases and to distinguish these from other forms of thyroid disease.
Antibodies are proteins made by the immune system to fight foreign substances like viruses and bacteria. There are different types of thyroid antibodies.
Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies: These antibodies can be a sign of Hashimoto thyroiditis or Graves' disease.
Thyroglobulin antibodies (Tg): These antibodies can also be a sign of both Graves' disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis. Most people with Hashimoto thyroiditis have high levels of both Tg and TPO antibodies.
Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies (TSHR): These antibodies can be a sign of Graves' disease.
This test measures the amount of thyroglobulin, a protein produced by the thyroid gland, in the blood. This test is used to monitor the treatment of thyroid cancer and to detect recurrence.
Non-Laboratory Tests
A specialised imaging procedure to diagnose thyroid gland abnormalities and to evaluate thyroid function in different areas of the thyroid.
An imaging scan that is used to examine the thyroid for abnormalities, including cysts, nodules or tumours.
What is Thyroid?
Thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck, which plays a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism. It produces hormones that influence various processes, including energy production and temperature regulation. The two primary hormones produced by the thyroid gland are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).
What are The Functions of Thyroid Gland?
The thyroid gland performs several important functions in the body:
1. Hormone Production: The thyroid gland produces hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which play a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolism.
2. Metabolic Regulation: Control the rate at which the body converts food into energy (metabolism).
3. Temperature Regulation: Help regulate body temperature by influencing heat production and heat dissipation.